Determination of Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator (ASTM D5293 / ISO 2909) 🔹 Purpose of the Test The Cold-Cranking Simulator (CCS) test evaluates the low-temperature viscosity of engine oils. This is essential because: ✅ Ensures proper engine startup in cold weather✅ Determines oil flow characteristics at low temperatures✅ Prevents excessive engine…

Standard Test Method for Determination of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants – Four-Ball Method (ASTM D2783 / ISO 20623) 🔹 Purpose of the Test The Four-Ball Method evaluates the load-carrying capacity of a lubricant by measuring its ability to prevent wear and withstand extreme pressure (EP) conditions. This test is commonly used for: ✅ Gear oils…

Determination of Multi-Elements in Lubricating Oils & Base Oils Using ICP-AES Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) is a widely used technique for determining the elemental composition of lubricating oils and base oils. This method ensures that additive packages, wear metals, and contaminants are properly identified and quantified, helping to maintain lubricant performance and…

Standard Test Method for Determination of Additive Elements in Lubricating Oils by ICP-AES (ASTM D4951) The ASTM D4951 test method is used to determine the concentration of additive elements in lubricating oils using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). This method is widely used in quality control, formulation verification, and contamination analysis in lubricant…

Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products – Copper Strip Test (ASTM D130 & ISO 2160) The Copper Strip Corrosion Test (ASTM D130, ISO 2160) evaluates the corrosive effects of petroleum products, lubricants, and fuels on copper components. It is widely used in industries like automotive, aviation, marine, and industrial lubrication to ensure…

Standard Test Method for Wear Preventive (AW) Characteristics of Lubricating Fluid – Four-Ball Method (ASTM D4172) The Four-Ball Wear Test (ASTM D4172) is used to evaluate the anti-wear (AW) properties of lubricating fluids, including oils and greases. This test measures the ability of a lubricant to reduce wear under constant load, speed, and temperature conditions.…

Determination of Extreme Pressure (EP) Properties of Lubricating Grease Using the Four-Ball Machine Method The Four-Ball Machine Method is used to evaluate the extreme pressure (EP) properties of lubricating greases under high-load conditions. It determines the ability of a grease to withstand extreme pressure and prevent metal-to-metal contact. 1️⃣ Relevant Test Standards Test Method Standard…